Programming an RTS Game with Direct3D/Programming an RTS Game with Direct3D.iso/Examples/Chapter 16/Example 16.1/terrain.cpp

C/C++ Source or Header | 2006-07-17 | 35.8 KB | 1,293 lines

#include "terrain.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "mapObject.h"

const DWORD TERRAINVertex::FVF = D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_NORMAL | D3DFVF_TEX2;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                                    PATCH                                                //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

PATCH::PATCH()
{
    m_pDevice = NULL;
    m_pMesh = NULL;
}
PATCH::~PATCH()
{
    Release();
}

void PATCH::Release()
{
    if(m_pMesh != NULL)
        m_pMesh->Release();
    m_pMesh = NULL;
}

HRESULT PATCH::CreateMesh(TERRAIN &ter, RECT source, IDirect3DDevice9* Dev)
{
    if(m_pMesh != NULL)
    {
        m_pMesh->Release();
        m_pMesh = NULL;
    }

    try
    {
        m_pDevice = Dev;
        m_mapRect = source;

        int width = source.right - source.left;
        int height = source.bottom - source.top;
        int nrVert = (width + 1) * (height + 1);
        int nrTri = width * height * 2;

        if(FAILED(D3DXCreateMeshFVF(nrTri, nrVert, D3DXMESH_MANAGED, TERRAINVertex::FVF, m_pDevice, &m_pMesh)))
        {
            debug.Print("Couldn't create mesh for PATCH");
            return E_FAIL;
        }

        m_BBox.max = D3DXVECTOR3(-10000.0f, -10000.0f, -10000.0f);
        m_BBox.min = D3DXVECTOR3(10000.0f, 10000.0f, 10000.0f);

        //Create vertices
        TERRAINVertex* ver = 0;
        m_pMesh->LockVertexBuffer(0,(void**)&ver);
        for(int z=source.top, z0 = 0;z<=source.bottom;z++, z0++)
            for(int x=source.left, x0 = 0;x<=source.right;x++, x0++)
            {
                MAPTILE *tile = ter.GetTile(x, z);

                D3DXVECTOR3 pos = D3DXVECTOR3(x, tile->m_height, -z);
                D3DXVECTOR2 alphaUV = D3DXVECTOR2(x / (float)ter.m_size.x, z / (float)ter.m_size.y);        //Alpha UV
                D3DXVECTOR2 colorUV = alphaUV * 8.0f;                                                    //Color UV

                ver[z0 * (width + 1) + x0] = TERRAINVertex(pos, ter.GetNormal(x, z), alphaUV, colorUV);

                //Calculate bounding box bounds...
                if(pos.x < m_BBox.min.x)m_BBox.min.x = pos.x;
                if(pos.x > m_BBox.max.x)m_BBox.max.x = pos.x;
                if(pos.y < m_BBox.min.y)m_BBox.min.y = pos.y;
                if(pos.y > m_BBox.max.y)m_BBox.max.y = pos.y;
                if(pos.z < m_BBox.min.z)m_BBox.min.z = pos.z;
                if(pos.z > m_BBox.max.z)m_BBox.max.z = pos.z;
            }
        m_pMesh->UnlockVertexBuffer();

        //Calculate Indices
        WORD* ind = 0;
        m_pMesh->LockIndexBuffer(0,(void**)&ind);
        int index = 0;

        for(int z=source.top, z0 = 0;z<source.bottom;z++, z0++)
            for(int x=source.left, x0 = 0;x<source.right;x++, x0++)
            {
                //Triangle 1
                ind[index++] =   z0   * (width + 1) + x0;
                ind[index++] =   z0   * (width + 1) + x0 + 1;
                ind[index++] = (z0+1) * (width + 1) + x0;

                //Triangle 2
                ind[index++] = (z0+1) * (width + 1) + x0;
                ind[index++] =   z0   * (width + 1) + x0 + 1;
                ind[index++] = (z0+1) * (width + 1) + x0 + 1;
            }

        m_pMesh->UnlockIndexBuffer();

        //Set Attributes
        DWORD *att = 0, a = 0;
        m_pMesh->LockAttributeBuffer(0,&att);
        memset(att, 0, sizeof(DWORD)*nrTri);
        m_pMesh->UnlockAttributeBuffer();
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in PATCH::CreateMesh()");
        return E_FAIL;
    }

    return S_OK;
}

void PATCH::Render()
{
    //Draw mesh
    if(m_pMesh != NULL)
        m_pMesh->DrawSubset(0);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//                                    TERRAIN                                                //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

TERRAIN::TERRAIN()
{
    m_pDevice = NULL;
    m_pMapTiles = NULL;
    m_pVisitedTiles = m_pVisibleTiles = NULL;
    m_pLandScape = m_pLightMap = m_pFogOfWarTexture = NULL;
}

void TERRAIN::Init(IDirect3DDevice9* Dev, INTPOINT _size)
{
    m_pDevice = Dev;
    m_size = _size;
    m_pHeightMap = NULL;
    m_updateSight = true;

    if(m_pMapTiles != NULL)    //Clear old maptiles
        delete [] m_pMapTiles;

    //Create maptiles
    m_pMapTiles = new MAPTILE[m_size.x * m_size.y];
    memset(m_pMapTiles, 0, sizeof(MAPTILE)*m_size.x*m_size.y);

    //Clear old textures
    for(int i=0;i<m_diffuseMaps.size();i++)
        m_diffuseMaps[i]->Release();
    m_diffuseMaps.clear();

    //Load textures
    IDirect3DTexture9* grass = NULL, *mount = NULL, *snow = NULL;
    if(FAILED(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(Dev, "textures/grass.jpg", &grass)))    debug.Print("Could not load grass.jpg");
    if(FAILED(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(Dev, "textures/mountain.jpg", &mount)))    debug.Print("Could not load stone.dds");
    if(FAILED(D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(Dev, "textures/snow.jpg", &snow)))        debug.Print("Could not load snow.dds");
    m_diffuseMaps.push_back(grass);
    m_diffuseMaps.push_back(mount);
    m_diffuseMaps.push_back(snow);
    m_pAlphaMap = NULL;
    m_pLightMap = NULL;

    //Fog-of-War texture
    if(FAILED(m_pDevice->CreateTexture(256, 256, 1, D3DUSAGE_RENDERTARGET, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &m_pFogOfWarTexture, NULL)))debug.Print("Failed to create texture: m_pFogOfWarTexture");

    //Terrain Texture
    if(FAILED(m_pDevice->CreateTexture(256, 256, 1, D3DUSAGE_RENDERTARGET, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &m_pLandScape, NULL)))debug.Print("Failed to create texture: m_pLandScape");

    // Init font
    D3DXCreateFont(m_pDevice, 40, 0, 0, 1, false,
                   DEFAULT_CHARSET, OUT_DEFAULT_PRECIS, DEFAULT_QUALITY,
                   DEFAULT_PITCH | FF_DONTCARE, "Arial Black", &m_pProgressFont);

    Progress("Creating Terrain", 0.0f);

    //Load pixel & vertex shaders
    m_dirToSun = D3DXVECTOR3(1.0f, 0.6f, 0.5f);
    D3DXVec3Normalize(&m_dirToSun, &m_dirToSun);

    m_terrainPS.Init(Dev, "shaders/terrain.ps", PIXEL_SHADER);
    m_terrainVS.Init(Dev, "shaders/terrain.vs", VERTEX_SHADER);
    m_vsMatW = m_terrainVS.GetConstant("matW");
    m_vsMatVP = m_terrainVS.GetConstant("matVP");
    m_vsDirToSun = m_terrainVS.GetConstant("DirToSun");

    m_objectsPS.Init(Dev, "shaders/objects.ps", PIXEL_SHADER);
    m_objectsVS.Init(Dev, "shaders/objects.vs", VERTEX_SHADER);
    m_objMatW = m_objectsVS.GetConstant("matW");
    m_objMatVP = m_objectsVS.GetConstant("matVP");
    m_objDirToSun = m_objectsVS.GetConstant("DirToSun");
    m_objMapSize = m_objectsVS.GetConstant("mapSize");

    //Create white material
    m_mtrl.Ambient = m_mtrl.Specular = m_mtrl.Diffuse  = D3DXCOLOR(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f);
    m_mtrl.Emissive = D3DXCOLOR(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

    //Create visited & m_visible tiles
    if(m_pVisitedTiles)delete [] m_pVisitedTiles;
    if(m_pVisibleTiles)delete [] m_pVisibleTiles;
    m_pVisitedTiles = new bool[m_size.x * m_size.y];
    m_pVisibleTiles = new bool[m_size.x * m_size.y];
    memset(m_pVisitedTiles, false, sizeof(bool)* m_size.x * m_size.y);
    memset(m_pVisibleTiles, false, sizeof(bool)* m_size.x * m_size.y);

    Progress("Creating Terrain", 0.4f);

    GenerateRandomTerrain(15);
}

void TERRAIN::Release()
{
    try
    {
        for(int i=0;i<m_patches.size();i++)
            if(m_patches[i] != NULL)
                m_patches[i]->Release();

        m_patches.clear();

        if(m_pHeightMap != NULL)
        {
            m_pHeightMap->Release();
            delete m_pHeightMap;
            m_pHeightMap = NULL;
        }

        m_objects.clear();
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::Release()");
    }
}

void TERRAIN::GenerateRandomTerrain(int numPatches)
{
    try
    {
        Release();

        //Create two heightmaps and multiply them
        m_pHeightMap = new HEIGHTMAP(m_size, 20.0f);
        HEIGHTMAP hm2(m_size, 2.0f);
        HEIGHTMAP hm3(m_size, 2.0f);

        m_pHeightMap->CreateRandomHeightMap(rand()%2000, 1.0f, 0.7f, 7);
        hm2.CreateRandomHeightMap(rand()%2000, 2.5f, 0.8f, 3);

        //Load 4 player filter
        hm3.LoadFromFile(m_pDevice, "heightmaps/four_players.jpg");
        hm2.Cap(hm2.m_maxHeight * 0.4f);

        *m_pHeightMap *= hm2;
        *m_pHeightMap *= hm3;
        hm2.Release();
        hm3.Release();

        //Add objects
        HEIGHTMAP hm4(m_size, 1.0f);
        hm4.CreateRandomHeightMap(rand()%1000, 5.5f, 0.9f, 7);

        for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)
            for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
            {
                if(m_pHeightMap->GetHeight(x, y) == 0.0f && hm4.GetHeight(x, y) > 0.7f && rand()%12 == 0)
                    AddObject(0, INTPOINT(x, y));    //Tree
                else if(m_pHeightMap->GetHeight(x, y) >= 1.0f && hm4.GetHeight(x, y) > 0.9f && rand()%30 == 0)
                    AddObject(1, INTPOINT(x, y));    //Stone
            }

        hm4.Release();

        InitPathfinding();
        CreatePatches(numPatches);

        CalculateAlphaMaps();
        CalculateLightMap(false);

        RenderLandscape();
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::GenerateRandomTerrain()");
    }
}

void TERRAIN::CreatePatches(int numPatches)
{
    try
    {
        //Clear any old patches
        for(int i=0;i<m_patches.size();i++)
            if(m_patches[i] != NULL)
                m_patches[i]->Release();
        m_patches.clear();

        //Create new patches
        for(int y=0;y<numPatches;y++)
        {
            Progress("Creating Terrain Mesh", y / (float)numPatches);

            for(int x=0;x<numPatches;x++)
            {
                RECT r = {x * (m_size.x - 1) / (float)numPatches,
                        y * (m_size.y - 1) / (float)numPatches,
                        (x+1) * (m_size.x - 1) / (float)numPatches,
                        (y+1) * (m_size.y - 1) / (float)numPatches};

                PATCH *p = new PATCH();
                p->CreateMesh(*this, r, m_pDevice);
                m_patches.push_back(p);
            }
        }
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::CreatePatches()");
    }
}

void TERRAIN::CalculateAlphaMaps()
{
    Progress("Creating Alpha Map", 0.0f);

    //Clear old alpha maps
    if(m_pAlphaMap != NULL)
        m_pAlphaMap->Release();

    //Create new alpha map
    D3DXCreateTexture(m_pDevice, 128, 128, 1, D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &m_pAlphaMap);

    //Lock the texture
    D3DLOCKED_RECT sRect;
    m_pAlphaMap->LockRect(0, &sRect, NULL, NULL);
    BYTE *bytes = (BYTE*)sRect.pBits;
    memset(bytes, 0, 128*sRect.Pitch);        //Clear texture to black

    for(int i=0;i<m_diffuseMaps.size();i++)
        for(int y=0;y<sRect.Pitch / 4;y++)
            for(int x=0;x<sRect.Pitch / 4;x++)
            {
                int terrain_x = m_size.x * (x / (float)(sRect.Pitch / 4.0f));
                int terrain_y = m_size.y * (y / (float)(sRect.Pitch / 4.0f));
                MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(terrain_x, terrain_y);

                if(tile != NULL && tile->m_type == i)
                    bytes[y * sRect.Pitch + x * 4 + i] = 255;
            }

    //Unlock the texture
    m_pAlphaMap->UnlockRect(0);

    //D3DXSaveTextureToFile("alpha.bmp", D3DXIFF_BMP, m_pAlphaMap, NULL);
}

void TERRAIN::CalculateLightMap(bool allWhite)
{
    try
    {
        //Clear old alpha maps
        if(m_pLightMap != NULL)
            m_pLightMap->Release();

        //Create new light map
        D3DXCreateTexture(m_pDevice, 128, 128, 1, D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC, D3DFMT_L8, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &m_pLightMap);

        //Lock the texture
        D3DLOCKED_RECT sRect;
        m_pLightMap->LockRect(0, &sRect, NULL, NULL);
        BYTE *bytes = (BYTE*)sRect.pBits;
        memset(bytes, 255, sRect.Pitch*sRect.Pitch);        //Clear texture to white

        if(allWhite)
        {
            m_pLightMap->UnlockRect(0);
            return;
        }

        for(int y=0;y<sRect.Pitch;y++)
        {
            Progress("Calculating Lightmap", y / (float)sRect.Pitch);

            for(int x=0;x<sRect.Pitch;x++)
            {
                float terrain_x = (float)m_size.x * (x / (float)(sRect.Pitch));
                float terrain_z = (float)m_size.y * (y / (float)(sRect.Pitch));

                //Find patch that the terrain_x, terrain_z is over
                bool done = false;
                for(int p=0;p<m_patches.size() && !done;p++)
                {
                    RECT mr = m_patches[p]->m_mapRect;

                    //Focus within patch maprect or not?
                    if(terrain_x >= mr.left && terrain_x < mr.right &&
                         terrain_z >= mr.top && terrain_z < mr.bottom)
                    {
                        // Collect only the closest intersection
                        RAY rayTop(D3DXVECTOR3(terrain_x, 10000.0f, -terrain_z), D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f));
                        float dist = rayTop.Intersect(m_patches[p]->m_pMesh);

                        if(dist >= 0.0f)
                        {
                            RAY ray(D3DXVECTOR3(terrain_x, 10000.0f - dist + 0.01f, -terrain_z), m_dirToSun);

                            for(int p2=0;p2<m_patches.size() && !done;p2++)
                                if(ray.Intersect(m_patches[p2]->m_BBox) >= 0)
                                {
                                    if(ray.Intersect(m_patches[p2]->m_pMesh) >= 0)    //In shadow
                                    {
                                        done = true;
                                        bytes[y * sRect.Pitch + x] = 128;
                                    }
                                }

                            done = true;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        //Smooth lightmap
        for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
        {
            Progress("Smoothing the Lightmap", i / 3.0f);

            BYTE* tmpBytes = new BYTE[sRect.Pitch * sRect.Pitch];
            memcpy(tmpBytes, sRect.pBits, sRect.Pitch * sRect.Pitch);

            for(int y=1;y<sRect.Pitch-1;y++)
                for(int x=1;x<sRect.Pitch-1;x++)
                {
                    long index = y*sRect.Pitch + x;
                    BYTE b1 = bytes[index];
                    BYTE b2 = bytes[index - 1];
                    BYTE b3 = bytes[index - sRect.Pitch];
                    BYTE b4 = bytes[index + 1];
                    BYTE b5 = bytes[index + sRect.Pitch];

                    tmpBytes[index] = (BYTE)((b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 + b5) / 5);
                }

            memcpy(sRect.pBits, tmpBytes, sRect.Pitch * sRect.Pitch);
            delete [] tmpBytes;
        }

        //Unlock the texture
        m_pLightMap->UnlockRect(0);

        //D3DXSaveTextureToFile("light.bmp", D3DXIFF_BMP, m_pLightMap, NULL);
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::CalculateLightMap()");
    }
}

D3DXVECTOR3 TERRAIN::GetNormal(int x, int y)
{
    //Neighboring map nodes (D, B, C, F, H, G)
    INTPOINT mp[] = {INTPOINT(x-1, y),   INTPOINT(x, y-1),
                     INTPOINT(x+1, y-1), INTPOINT(x+1, y),
                       INTPOINT(x, y+1),   INTPOINT(x-1, y+1)};

    //if there's an invalid map node return (0, 1, 0)
    if(!Within(mp[0]) || !Within(mp[1]) || !Within(mp[2]) ||
       !Within(mp[3]) || !Within(mp[4]) || !Within(mp[5]))
        return D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

    //Calculate the normals of the 6 neighboring planes
    D3DXVECTOR3 normal = D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

    for(int i=0;i<6;i++)
    {
        D3DXPLANE plane;
        D3DXPlaneFromPoints(&plane,
                            &GetWorldPos(INTPOINT(x, y)),
                            &GetWorldPos(mp[i]),
                            &GetWorldPos(mp[(i + 1) % 6]));

        normal +=  D3DXVECTOR3(plane.a, plane.b, plane.c);
    }

    D3DXVec3Normalize(&normal, &normal);
    return normal;
}

void TERRAIN::AddObject(int type, INTPOINT mappos)
{
    D3DXVECTOR3 pos = D3DXVECTOR3(mappos.x, m_pHeightMap->GetHeight(mappos), -mappos.y);
    D3DXVECTOR3 rot = D3DXVECTOR3((rand()%1000 / 1000.0f) * 0.13f, (rand()%1000 / 1000.0f) * 3.0f, (rand()%1000 / 1000.0f) * 0.13);

    float sca_xz = (rand()%1000 / 1000.0f) * 0.5f + 0.5f;
    float sca_y = (rand()%1000 / 1000.0f) * 1.0f + 0.5f;
    D3DXVECTOR3 sca = D3DXVECTOR3(sca_xz, sca_y, sca_xz);

    m_objects.push_back(OBJECT(type, mappos, pos, rot, sca));
}

void TERRAIN::Render(CAMERA &camera)
{
    //Set render states
    m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, false);
    m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZWRITEENABLE, true);

    m_pDevice->SetTexture(0, m_pAlphaMap);
    m_pDevice->SetTexture(1, m_diffuseMaps[0]);        //Grass
    m_pDevice->SetTexture(2, m_diffuseMaps[1]);        //Mountain
    m_pDevice->SetTexture(3, m_diffuseMaps[2]);        //Snow
    m_pDevice->SetTexture(4, m_pFogOfWarTexture);        //Fog-of-War

    m_pDevice->SetMaterial(&m_mtrl);

    D3DXMATRIX world, vp = camera.GetViewMatrix() * camera.GetProjectionMatrix();
    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&world);
    m_pDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &world);

    //Set vertex shader variables
    m_terrainVS.SetMatrix(m_vsMatW, world);
    m_terrainVS.SetMatrix(m_vsMatVP, vp);
    m_terrainVS.SetVector3(m_vsDirToSun, m_dirToSun);

    m_terrainVS.Begin();
    m_terrainPS.Begin();

    for(int p=0;p<m_patches.size();p++)
        if(m_patches[p]->m_visible && !camera.Cull(m_patches[p]->m_BBox))
            m_patches[p]->Render();

    m_terrainPS.End();
    m_terrainVS.End();

    m_pDevice->SetTexture(1, NULL);
    m_pDevice->SetTexture(2, NULL);
    m_pDevice->SetTexture(3, NULL);
    m_pDevice->SetTexture(4, NULL);

    //Render Objects
    m_objectsVS.SetMatrix(m_objMatW, world);
    m_objectsVS.SetMatrix(m_objMatVP, vp);
    m_objectsVS.SetVector3(m_objDirToSun, m_dirToSun);
    m_objectsVS.SetVector3(m_objMapSize, D3DXVECTOR3(m_size.x, m_size.y, 0.0f));

    m_pDevice->SetTexture(1, m_pFogOfWarTexture);        //Lightmap

    m_objectsVS.Begin();
    m_objectsPS.Begin();

    for(int i=0;i<m_objects.size();i++)
        if(m_objects[i].m_visible && !camera.Cull(m_objects[i].m_BBox))
        {
            D3DXMATRIX m = m_objects[i].m_meshInstance.GetWorldMatrix();
            m_objectsVS.SetMatrix(m_objMatW, m);
            m_objects[i].Render();
        }

    m_objectsVS.End();
    m_objectsPS.End();
}

void TERRAIN::Progress(std::string text, float prc)
{
    m_pDevice->Clear(0, 0, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0x00000000, 1.0f, 0L);
    m_pDevice->BeginScene();

    RECT rc = {200, 250, 600, 300};
    m_pProgressFont->DrawText(NULL, text.c_str(), -1, &rc, DT_CENTER | DT_VCENTER | DT_NOCLIP, 0xffffffff);

    //Progress bar
    D3DRECT r;
    r.x1 = 200; r.x2 = 600;
    r.y1 = 300; r.y2 = 340;
    m_pDevice->Clear(1, &r, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0xffffffff, 1.0f, 0L);
    r.x1 = 202; r.x2 = 598;
    r.y1 = 302; r.y2 = 338;
    m_pDevice->Clear(1, &r, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0xff000000, 1.0f, 0L);
    r.x1 = 202; r.x2 = 202 + 396 * prc;
    r.y1 = 302; r.y2 = 338;
    m_pDevice->Clear(1, &r, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0xff00ff00, 1.0f, 0L);

    m_pDevice->EndScene();
    m_pDevice->Present(0, 0, 0, 0);
}

void TERRAIN::SetOrthogonalView()
{
    D3DXMATRIX world, view, proj;

    //World matrix
    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&world);

    //View matrix (eye & focus in the center of the terrain)
    D3DXVECTOR2 center = D3DXVECTOR2((m_size.x - 1) / 2.0f, -(m_size.y - 1) / 2.0f);

    D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&view, &D3DXVECTOR3(center.x, 1000.0f, center.y),
                              &D3DXVECTOR3(center.x, 0.0f, center.y),
                              &D3DXVECTOR3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));

    //Projection matrix
    D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(&proj, m_size.x-1, m_size.y-1, 0.1f, 2000.0f);

    //Set transformation matrices
    m_pDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &world);
    m_pDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &view);
    m_pDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &proj);
}

void TERRAIN::UpdateSightMatrices(std::vector<MAPOBJECT*> &mapObjects)
{
    memset(m_pVisibleTiles, false, sizeof(bool) * m_size.x * m_size.y);
    for(int i=0;i<mapObjects.size();i++)
        if(mapObjects[i] != NULL)
        {
            int sr = mapObjects[i]->m_sightRadius, a = 0;
            INTPOINT start = mapObjects[i]->m_mappos - INTPOINT(sr, sr);
            INTPOINT end = mapObjects[i]->m_mappos + INTPOINT(sr, sr);

            for(int y=start.y;y<=end.y;y++)
                for(int x=start.x;x<=end.x;x++)
                    if(x >= 0 && y >= 0 && x < m_size.x && y < m_size.y)
                    {
                        int index = x + y * m_size.x;
                        m_pVisitedTiles[index] = m_pVisibleTiles[index] = true;
                    }
        }

    //Calculate visibility variable of Patches
    for(int i=0;i<m_patches.size();i++)
        if(m_patches[i] != NULL)
        {
            m_patches[i]->m_visible = false;
            RECT r = m_patches[i]->m_mapRect;

            for(int y=r.top;y<=r.bottom && !m_patches[i]->m_visible;y++)
                for(int x=r.left;x<=r.right && !m_patches[i]->m_visible;x++)
                    if(m_pVisitedTiles[x + y * m_size.x])
                        m_patches[i]->m_visible = true;
        }

    //Calculate visibility of terrain objects
    for(int i=0;i<m_objects.size();i++)
        m_objects[i].m_visible = m_pVisitedTiles[m_objects[i].m_mappos.x + m_objects[i].m_mappos.y * m_size.x];
}

void TERRAIN::RenderLandscape()
{
    //Set orthogonal rendering view & projection
    SetOrthogonalView();

    //Retrieve the surface of the back buffer
    IDirect3DSurface9 *backSurface = NULL;
    m_pDevice->GetRenderTarget(0, &backSurface);

    //Get the surface of the minimap texture
    IDirect3DSurface9 *landScapeSurface = NULL;
    m_pLandScape->GetSurfaceLevel(0, &landScapeSurface);

    //Set render target to the m_visible surface
    m_pDevice->SetRenderTarget(0, landScapeSurface);

    //Clear render target to black
    m_pDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0x00000000, 1.0f, 0);

    m_pDevice->BeginScene();

    //Render Terrain
    {
        //Set render states
        m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, false);
        m_pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZWRITEENABLE, true);

        //Create completely white lightmap
        IDirect3DTexture9* white = NULL;
        m_pDevice->CreateTexture(32, 32, 1, D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC, D3DFMT_L8, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &white, NULL);
        D3DLOCKED_RECT sRect;
        white->LockRect(0, &sRect, NULL, NULL);
        memset((BYTE*)sRect.pBits, 255, 32 * 32);
        white->UnlockRect(0);

        m_pDevice->SetTexture(0, m_pAlphaMap);
        m_pDevice->SetTexture(1, m_diffuseMaps[0]);        //Grass
        m_pDevice->SetTexture(2, m_diffuseMaps[1]);        //Mountain
        m_pDevice->SetTexture(3, m_diffuseMaps[2]);        //Snow
        m_pDevice->SetTexture(4, white);                //Use White Texture
        m_pDevice->SetMaterial(&m_mtrl);

        D3DXMATRIX world, view, proj;
        D3DXMatrixIdentity(&world);
        m_pDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &world);
        m_pDevice->GetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &view);
        m_pDevice->GetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &proj);

        //Set vertex shader variables
        m_terrainVS.SetMatrix(m_vsMatW, world);
        m_terrainVS.SetMatrix(m_vsMatVP, view * proj);
        m_terrainVS.SetVector3(m_vsDirToSun, m_dirToSun);

        m_terrainVS.Begin();
        m_terrainPS.Begin();
        for(int p=0;p<m_patches.size();p++)
            m_patches[p]->Render();
        m_terrainPS.End();
        m_terrainVS.End();

        for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
            m_pDevice->SetTexture(i, NULL);

        //Render Objects
        m_objectsVS.SetMatrix(m_objMatW, world);
        m_objectsVS.SetMatrix(m_objMatVP, view * proj);
        m_objectsVS.SetVector3(m_objDirToSun, m_dirToSun);
        m_objectsVS.SetVector3(m_objMapSize, D3DXVECTOR3(m_size.x, m_size.y, 0.0f));
        m_pDevice->SetTexture(1, white);        //White Texture

        m_objectsVS.Begin();
        m_objectsPS.Begin();

        for(int i=0;i<m_objects.size();i++)
        {
            D3DXMATRIX m = m_objects[i].m_meshInstance.GetWorldMatrix();
            m_objectsVS.SetMatrix(m_objMatW, m);
            m_objects[i].Render();
        }

        m_objectsVS.End();
        m_objectsPS.End();

        white->Release();
    }

    m_pDevice->EndScene();

    //Reset render target to back buffer
    m_pDevice->SetRenderTarget(0, backSurface);

    //Release surfaces
    landScapeSurface->Release();
    backSurface->Release();

    //D3DXSaveTextureToFile("m_pLandScape.bmp", D3DXIFF_BMP, m_pLandScape, NULL);
}

bool TERRAIN::Within(INTPOINT p)
{
    return p.x >= 0 && p.y >= 0 && p.x < m_size.x && p.y < m_size.y;
}

void TERRAIN::InitPathfinding()
{
    try
    {
        //Read maptile heights & types from heightmap
        for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)
            for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
            {
                MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(x, y);
                if(m_pHeightMap != NULL)tile->m_height = m_pHeightMap->GetHeight(x, y);
                tile->m_mappos = INTPOINT(x, y);

                if(tile->m_height < 0.3f)         tile->m_type = 0;    //Grass
                else if(tile->m_height < 7.0f) tile->m_type = 1;    //Stone
                else                         tile->m_type = 2;    //Snow
            }

        //Calculate tile cost as a function of the height variance
        for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)
            for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
            {
                MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(x, y);

                if(tile != NULL)
                {
                    //Possible neighbors
                    INTPOINT p[] = {INTPOINT(x-1, y-1), INTPOINT(x, y-1), INTPOINT(x+1, y-1),
                                    INTPOINT(x-1, y),                      INTPOINT(x+1, y),
                                    INTPOINT(x-1, y+1), INTPOINT(x, y+1), INTPOINT(x+1, y+1)};

                    float variance = 0.0f;
                    int nr = 0;

                    //For each neighbor
                    for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
                        if(Within(p[i]))
                        {
                            MAPTILE *neighbor = GetTile(p[i]);

                            if(neighbor != NULL)
                            {
                                float v = neighbor->m_height - tile->m_height;
                                variance += (v * v);
                                nr++;
                            }
                        }

                    //Cost = height variance
                    variance /= (float)nr;
                    tile->m_cost = variance + 0.1f;
                    if(tile->m_cost > 1.0f)tile->m_cost = 1.0f;

                    //If the tile cost is less than 1.0f, then we can walk on the tile
                    tile->m_walkable = tile->m_cost < 0.5f;
                }
            }

        //Make maptiles with objects on them not walkable
        for(int i=0;i<m_objects.size();i++)
        {
            MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(m_objects[i].m_mappos);
            if(tile != NULL)
            {
                tile->m_walkable = false;
                tile->m_cost = 1.0f;
            }
        }

        //Connect m_pMapTiles using the neightbors[] pointers
        for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)
            for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
            {
                MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(x, y);
                if(tile != NULL && tile->m_walkable)
                {
                    //Clear old connections
                    for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
                        tile->neighbors[i] = NULL;

                    //Possible neighbors
                    INTPOINT p[] = {INTPOINT(x-1, y-1), INTPOINT(x, y-1), INTPOINT(x+1, y-1),
                                    INTPOINT(x-1, y),                      INTPOINT(x+1, y),
                                    INTPOINT(x-1, y+1), INTPOINT(x, y+1), INTPOINT(x+1, y+1)};

                    //For each neighbor
                    for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
                        if(Within(p[i]))
                        {
                            MAPTILE *neighbor = GetTile(p[i]);

                            //Connect tiles if the neighbor is walkable
                            if(neighbor != NULL && neighbor->m_walkable)
                                tile->neighbors[i] = neighbor;
                        }
                }
            }

        CreateTileSets();
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in InitPathfinding()");
    }
}

void TERRAIN::UpdatePathfinding(RECT *r)
{
    if(r == NULL)
    {
        InitPathfinding();
        return;
    }

    //Connect maptiles using the neightbors[] pointers
    for(int y=r->top; y<=r->bottom; y++)
        for(int x=r->left; x<=r->right; x++)
        {
            MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(x, y);
            if(tile != NULL && tile->m_walkable)
            {
                //Clear old connections
                for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
                    tile->neighbors[i] = NULL;

                //Possible neighbors
                INTPOINT p[] = {INTPOINT(x-1, y-1), INTPOINT(x, y-1), INTPOINT(x+1, y-1),
                                INTPOINT(x-1, y),                      INTPOINT(x+1, y),
                                INTPOINT(x-1, y+1), INTPOINT(x, y+1), INTPOINT(x+1, y+1)};

                //For each neighbor
                for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
                    if(Within(p[i]))
                    {
                        MAPTILE *neighbor = GetTile(p[i]);

                        //Connect tiles if the neighbor is m_walkable
                        if(neighbor != NULL && neighbor->m_walkable)
                            tile->neighbors[i] = neighbor;
                    }
            }
        }

    CreateTileSets();
}

void TERRAIN::CreateTileSets()
{
    try
    {
        int setNo = 0;
        for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)        //Set a unique set for each tile...
            for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
                m_pMapTiles[x + y * m_size.x].m_set = setNo++;

        bool changed = true;

        while(changed)
        {
            changed = false;

            for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)
                for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
                {
                    MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(x, y);

                    //Find the lowest set of a neighbor
                    if(tile != NULL && tile->m_walkable)
                    {
                        for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
                            if(tile->neighbors[i] != NULL &&
                                tile->neighbors[i]->m_walkable &&
                                tile->neighbors[i]->m_set < tile->m_set)
                            {
                                changed = true;
                                tile->m_set = tile->neighbors[i]->m_set;
                            }
                    }
                }
        }
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::CreateTileSets()");
    }
}

float H(INTPOINT a, INTPOINT b)
{
    return abs(a.x - b.x) + abs(a.y - b.y);
    //return a.Distance(b);
}

std::vector<INTPOINT> TERRAIN::GetPath(INTPOINT start, INTPOINT goal, bool considerUnits, MAPOBJECT *unit)
{
    try
    {
        //Check that the two points are within the bounds of the map
        MAPTILE *startTile = GetTile(start);
        MAPTILE *goalTile = GetTile(goal);

        if(!Within(start) || !Within(goal) || start == goal || startTile == NULL || goalTile == NULL)
            return std::vector<INTPOINT>();

        //Check if a path exists
        if(!startTile->m_walkable || !goalTile->m_walkable || startTile->m_set != goalTile->m_set)
            return std::vector<INTPOINT>();

        //Check that goal tile isnt busy if considering units
        if(considerUnits && goalTile->m_pMapObject != NULL)
            goal = GetClosestFreeTile(goal, start);

        if(H(start, goal) < 10 && considerUnits && !PositionAccessible(unit, goal))
            return std::vector<INTPOINT>();

        //Init Search
        long numTiles = m_size.x * m_size.y;
        for(long l=0;l<numTiles;l++)
        {
            m_pMapTiles[l].f = m_pMapTiles[l].g = INT_MAX;        //Clear F,G
            m_pMapTiles[l].open = m_pMapTiles[l].closed = false;    //Reset Open and Closed
        }

        std::vector<MAPTILE*> open;                //Create Our Open list
        startTile->g = 0;                        //Init our starting point (SP)
        startTile->f = H(start, goal);
        startTile->open = true;
        open.push_back(startTile);                //Add SP to the Open list

        bool found = false;                    // Search as long as a path hasnt been found,

        while(!found && !open.empty())        // or there is no more tiles to search
        {
            MAPTILE * best = open[0];        // Find the best tile (i.e. the lowest F value)
            int bestPlace = 0;
            for(int i=1;i<open.size();i++)
                if(open[i] != NULL && open[i]->f < best->f)
                {
                    best = open[i];
                    bestPlace = i;
                }

            if(best == NULL)break;            //No path found
            if(considerUnits && open.size() > 100)break;

            open[bestPlace]->open = false;
            open.erase(&open[bestPlace]);    // Take the best node out of the Open list

            if(best->m_mappos == goal)        //If the goal has been found
            {
                std::vector<INTPOINT> p, p2;
                MAPTILE *point = best;

                while(point->m_mappos != start && point != NULL)    // Generate path
                {
                    p.push_back(point->m_mappos);
                    point = point->m_pParent;

                    if(p.size() > 500)        //Too long path, something is wrong
                        return std::vector<INTPOINT>();
                }

                for(int i=p.size()-1;i!=0;i--)    // Reverse path
                    p2.push_back(p[i]);
                p2.push_back(goal);

                return p2;
            }
            else
            {
                for(i=0;i<8;i++)                    // otherwise, check the neighbors of the
                    if(best->neighbors[i] != NULL)    // best tile
                        if(!considerUnits || best->neighbors[i]->m_pMapObject == NULL)
                        {
                            bool inList = false;        // Generate new G and F value
                            float newG = best->g + 1.0f;
                            float d = H(best->m_mappos, best->neighbors[i]->m_mappos);
                            float newF = newG + H(best->neighbors[i]->m_mappos, goal) + best->neighbors[i]->m_cost * 5.0f * d;

                            if(best->neighbors[i]->open || best->neighbors[i]->closed)
                            {
                                if(newF < best->neighbors[i]->f)    // If the new F value is lower
                                {
                                    best->neighbors[i]->g = newG;    // update the values of this tile
                                    best->neighbors[i]->f = newF;
                                    best->neighbors[i]->m_pParent = best;
                                }
                                inList = true;
                            }

                            if(!inList)            // If the neighbor tile isn't in the Open or Closed list
                            {
                                best->neighbors[i]->f = newF;        //Set the values
                                best->neighbors[i]->g = newG;
                                best->neighbors[i]->m_pParent = best;
                                best->neighbors[i]->open = true;
                                open.push_back(best->neighbors[i]);    //Add it to the open list
                            }
                        }

                best->closed = true;        //The best tile has now been searched, add it to the Closed list
            }
        }

        return std::vector<INTPOINT>();        //No path found, return an empty path
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::GetPath()");
        return std::vector<INTPOINT>();
    }
}

MAPTILE* TERRAIN::GetTile(int x, int y)
{
    if(m_pMapTiles == NULL)return NULL;

    try
    {
        if(Within(INTPOINT(x, y)))
            return &m_pMapTiles[x + y * m_size.x];
        else return NULL;
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        return NULL;
    }
}

void TERRAIN::SaveTerrain(char fileName[])
{
    try
    {
        std::ofstream out(fileName, std::ios::binary);        //Binary format

        if(out.good())
        {
            out.write((char*)&m_size, sizeof(INTPOINT));    //Write map size

            //Write all the maptile information needed to recreate the map
            for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)
                for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
                {
                    MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(x, y);
                    out.write((char*)&tile->m_type, sizeof(int));            //type
                    out.write((char*)&tile->m_height, sizeof(float));        //Height
                }

            //Write all the objects
            int numObjects = m_objects.size();
            out.write((char*)&numObjects, sizeof(int));     //Num Objects
            for(int i=0;i<m_objects.size();i++)
            {
                out.write((char*)&m_objects[i].m_type, sizeof(int));                //type
                out.write((char*)&m_objects[i].m_mappos, sizeof(INTPOINT));            //mappos
                out.write((char*)&m_objects[i].m_meshInstance.m_pos, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR3));    //Pos
                out.write((char*)&m_objects[i].m_meshInstance.m_rot, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR3));    //Rot
                out.write((char*)&m_objects[i].m_meshInstance.m_sca, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR3));    //Sca
            }
        }

        out.close();
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::SaveTerrain()");
    }
}

void TERRAIN::LoadTerrain(char fileName[])
{
    try
    {
        std::ifstream in(fileName, std::ios::binary);        //Binary format

        if(in.good())
        {
            Release();    //Release all terrain resources

            in.read((char*)&m_size, sizeof(INTPOINT));    //read map size

            if(m_pMapTiles != NULL)    //Clear old m_pMapTiles
                delete [] m_pMapTiles;

            //Create new maptiles
            m_pMapTiles = new MAPTILE[m_size.x * m_size.y];
            memset(m_pMapTiles, 0, sizeof(MAPTILE)*m_size.x*m_size.y);


            //Read the maptile information
            for(int y=0;y<m_size.y;y++)
                for(int x=0;x<m_size.x;x++)
                {
                    MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(x, y);
                    in.read((char*)&tile->m_type, sizeof(int));            //type
                    in.read((char*)&tile->m_height, sizeof(float));        //Height
                }

            //Read number of objects
            int numObjects = 0;
            in.read((char*)&numObjects, sizeof(int));
            for(int i=0;i<numObjects;i++)
            {
                int type = 0;
                INTPOINT mp;
                D3DXVECTOR3 p, r, s;

                in.read((char*)&type, sizeof(int));            //type
                in.read((char*)&mp, sizeof(INTPOINT));        //mappos
                in.read((char*)&p, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR3));    //Pos
                in.read((char*)&r, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR3));    //Rot
                in.read((char*)&s, sizeof(D3DXVECTOR3));    //Sca

                m_objects.push_back(OBJECT(type, mp, p, r, s));
            }

            //Recreate Terrain
            InitPathfinding();
            CreatePatches(3);
            CalculateAlphaMaps();
            CalculateLightMap(true);
        }

        in.close();
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::LoadTerrain()");
    }
}

D3DXVECTOR3 TERRAIN::GetWorldPos(INTPOINT mappos)
{
    if(!Within(mappos))return D3DXVECTOR3(0, 0, 0);
    MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(mappos);
    return D3DXVECTOR3(mappos.x, tile->m_height, -mappos.y);
}

INTPOINT TERRAIN::GetClosestFreeTile(INTPOINT to, INTPOINT from)
{
    MAPTILE *tile = GetTile(to);
    if(tile != NULL && tile->m_walkable && tile->m_pMapObject == NULL)
        return to;

    try
    {
        for(int i=0;i<3;i++)    //Search radius
        {
            std::vector<MAPTILE*> tiles;

            //Get tiles in current search radius
            for(int y=to.y - i;y<=to.y + i;y++)
            {
                tiles.push_back(GetTile(to.x - i, y));
                tiles.push_back(GetTile(to.x + i, y));
            }

            for(int x=to.x - i + 1;x<=to.x + i - 1;x++)
            {
                tiles.push_back(GetTile(x, to.y - i));
                tiles.push_back(GetTile(x, to.y + i));
            }

            //Find closest tile...
            MAPTILE *closest = NULL;
            float dist = 10000.0f;

            for(int t=0;t<tiles.size();t++)
                if(tiles[t] != NULL)
                    if(tiles[t]->m_walkable && tiles[t]->m_pMapObject == NULL)
                    {
                        float d = from.Distance(tiles[t]->m_mappos);
                        if(d < dist)
                        {
                            dist = d;
                            closest = tiles[t];
                        }
                    }

            if(closest != NULL)
                return closest->m_mappos;
        }
    }
    catch(...)
    {
        debug.Print("Error in TERRAIN::GetClosestFreeTile()");
    }

    return to;
}

bool TERRAIN::PositionAccessible(MAPOBJECT *unit, INTPOINT position)
{
    if(unit == NULL || !Within(unit->m_mappos) || !Within(position))return false;

    //Set start and end location of the search
    INTPOINT start = unit->m_mappos;
    INTPOINT end = position;
    if(start.x > end.x)std::swap(start.x, end.x);
    if(start.y > end.y)std::swap(start.y, end.y);

    if(H(start, end) >= 9)
        return true;

    //Set the open variable of search area's mapTiles to false
    int searchBorder = 3;
    for(int y=start.y - searchBorder;y<=end.y + searchBorder;y++)
        for(int x=start.x - searchBorder;x<=end.x + searchBorder;x++)
            if(Within(INTPOINT(x, y)))
                m_pMapTiles[y * m_size.x + x].open = false;

    //Set the open variable of the start location to true
    m_pMapTiles[position.y * m_size.x + position.x].open = true;
    searchBorder--;

    //Iterate any open nodes to its neighbors if they are unoccupied by units
    bool changed;

    do
    {
        changed = false;

        for(int y=start.y - searchBorder;y<=end.y + searchBorder;y++)
            for(int x=start.x - searchBorder;x<=end.x + searchBorder;x++)
                if(Within(INTPOINT(x, y)) && !m_pMapTiles[y * m_size.x + x].open)
                    for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
                    {
                        MAPTILE *t = m_pMapTiles[y * m_size.x + x].neighbors[i];
                        if(t != NULL && t->open && (t->m_pMapObject == NULL || t->m_pMapObject == unit))
                        {
                            m_pMapTiles[y * m_size.x + x].open = true;
                            changed = true;
                            i = 8;
                        }
                    }

        //If the open variable of the end node is true then a path exists
        if(m_pMapTiles[unit->m_mappos.y * m_size.x + unit->m_mappos.x].open)
            return true;
    }
    while(changed);

    //No path exists
    return false;
}